What is the difference between a primary asset and a derivative asset? This claim comes with several corollaries; namely, that different societies have different moral codes, there is no objective standard to judge how good or bad these moral codes are, and that the job of those who study cultures is not to compare these customs to their own, but to describe them. Manage Settings b. Cultural relativism is defined as a person looking at a culture's beliefs, values, and practices from the perspective of the culture they are analyzing. Ethnocentrism differs from cultural ignorance because ethnocentrism implies that you expect others to behave and communicate the same way you do. d. Based on your answers in (b) and (c), which interest deduction method would the company prefer? Cultural relativism is one of the most important concepts in the field of sociology, affirming and recognizing the relationship between social structure and the day-to-day life of an individual. Arthur Getis, Daniel Montello, Mark Bjelland, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, Douglas A. Lind, Samuel A. Wathen, William G. Marchal. Ex. Cultural relativism looks at different cultures as best understood by the people who are a part of that culture, including the behaviors, attitudes, and practices that are a part of that culture. She understands that there are cultural differences between her own and Ahmed's traditions, which makes her want to learn more about the holy month of Ramadan and the purpose of fasting for an entire month. While moral relativists believe that cultural relativism is true, they extend their claims much further. Social Interaction Theory: Ascribed, Achieved & Master Status, Applied Anthropology vs. Based upon the use of MACRS-GDS depreciation, compare the AW of each alternative to determine which . Cultural Relativism 2.0.Current Anthropology,49(3), 363-383. Looks at relationship between a given society and its natural environment, the life forms, and ecosystems that support its lifeways. There are different levels of ethnocentrism such as: equality, sensitivity, indifference, avoidance and disparagement. Every person is most likely ethnocentric, given the fact that aside from the culture one embodies, there is a lack of a frame of reference when it comes to being exposed to other cultures. While its natural to appreciate ones own culture, seeing other cultures as inferior or savage can lead to hatred and aggression, causing violence and conflicts. While cultural relativism has been the subject of controversy especially from philosophers anthropological and sociological studies have led to a widespread consensus among social scientists that cultural relativism is true. Relativism, Cultural and Moral. var cid='9865515383';var pid='ca-pub-0125011357997661';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-box-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2002%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} Different cultures may use different modes or methods of disposing of waste and cleaning up afterward. CAUSES OF ETHNOCENTRISM Lack of education sometimes increases ethnocentrism. Example: You could explain how missionaries spread Christianity to native cultures, and how this has caused certain cultural rituals to disappear. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are two opposing concepts that are used to describe how people view and evaluate the culture and customs of others. There is no right or wrong in this case, cultural relativism believes, just differences. cultural relativism: Cultural relativism is a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the twentieth century, and later popularized by his students. Unlike most other theories, however, it has more anthropological significance than ethical. Cultural relativism, for example, explains why certain cultures eat different foods at different meals. As each person can set their own standards of success and behavior, cultural relativism creates equality (Karanack, 2013). However, if you test this position under general rules of logic, you soon discover that relativism is illogical and self-defeating. Simply put, ethnocentrism is defined as "judging other groups from the perspective of one's own cultural point of view.". Ethnocentrism often entails the belief that ones own race or ethnic group is the most important or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Cultural relativism and the future of anthropology.Rereading cultural anthropology,124, 51.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_7',621,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_8',621,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1');.large-mobile-banner-1-multi-621{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. Cultural relativism, unlike ethnocentrism, does not consider one culture to be superior to another. It is to make a judgment about other cultures, Leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors. Additionally, Cultural relativism can preserve cultures and allow people to create personal moral codes based on societal standards without precisely consulting what is "right" or "wrong. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. They do not judge this culture for what they eat but rather understand that there are differences in what they eat and appreciate those differences. After several scuffles among them, finally the three big powers agreed to divide the region. Imagination Dragons Corporation needs to raise funds to finance a plant expansion, and it has decided to issue 25 -year zero coupon bonds with a par value of $1,000 each to raise the money. Cultural Relativism- Not being judgmental of a culture but trying to understand it on it's own terms. Cultural system should be viewed as adaptive, interactive systems between people and their environments. espite the fact that cultural relativism promotes the appreciation for cultural differences, it can also be problematic. Secondly, cultural relativism envisions a society where equality across cultures is possible. Moral relativists believe that, if a culture sincerely and reflectively adopts some basic moral principle, then it is morally obligatory for members of that culture to act according to that principle (Bowie, 2015).. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism are both terms that center around culture, which is defined as the beliefs, attitudes, social forms, and characteristics of a social group that people share over place and time. One such example is monogamy. For example, it is a common practice for friends of the same-sex in India to hold hands while walking in public. Today, a debate rages about the ritual cutting of genitals of girls in several Middle Eastern and African cultures. Some people view this practice disrespectful to the body of the deceased person. Ex. Part of ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own race, ethnic or cultural group is the most important or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of ones own culture. Ethnocentrism is sometimes called cultural ignorance. Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism both evaluate culture, which is the beliefs, attitudes, social norms and characteristics of a social group that people share over place and time. Explain each perspective, give an example of each, and discuss any flaws that each perspective might have. Universalists debate that everyone is entitled to their own rights such as equality, health and shelter as outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Ethnocentrism- Using your culture as a yardstick to judge other cultures. This leads you to the term Ethnocentrism, it is the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies. So it affects our view as we believe our way is the best and only way. While differing in world views, they are each an approach that is used to evaluate a culture. This cross-cultural relationship provides hope that new opportunities will be discovered, but at the same time it is threatening. Ethnocentrism is quite different than that of cultural relativism. One of the biggest controversies in relation to classification and diagnosis is to do withand ICD (the manuals of mental disorders) are culturally biased because they are drawn up and used by white, middle class men. Worthy, L. D., Lavigne, T., & Romero, F. (2020). Doctors without boarders, Peace corps. These are simply two different ways of understanding the meaning of holding hands. Many practices have drawn criticism over the years. Zahra understands the cultural differences between her own culture and her friend, knowing that her friend has a culture that paints their faces for specific reasons. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. This is a common behavior and a sign of connectedness between two people. Rethinking Indigenous Education: Culturalism, Colonialism and the Politics of Knowing. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. He is concerned with the similarities between his culture and others. This is because cultural norms and values, according to cultural relativism, derive their meaning within a specific social context. ethno"centri"cal"ly, adv. Cultural relativism is the philosophical belief that all cultural views are equally valid. Making errors is typically ok. Cochrane, R. A. Y. M. O. N. D. (1977). Cultural relativism, on the other hand, is the concept that cultural norms and values of people have to be understood with their own cultural context. There is not a clear English translation of the word, and in order to fully comprehend its many possible uses, a cultural relativist would argue that it would be necessary to fully immerse oneself in cultures where the word is used. The required return on the bonds will be$4.9$ percent. Behind this position was the idea of the plasticity of human . Ethnocentrism gets its meaning from a combination of two words "ethnos" from the Greek language, which means "a nation, collection of people, or a cultural grouping" and "centric" from Latin origin, which interprets as "center." The first recorded usage of the word was in 1906 by William G. Summer. Brown, M. F. (2008). Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. function Gsitesearch(curobj){curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value}. Example: Since the implication of moral relativism is that there is no right or wrong, a cultural relativist might fail to see certain human or animal rights violations within a culture. Maybe you were looking for one of these terms? Simply Psychology. Tip: It can be helpful to have the definition of culture at the top, and then have two sections dividing ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. Ethnocentrism, however, can be problematic as it may lead to the dehumanization of other cultures by believing them to be morally corrupt, flawed, or savage. If the beliefs and customs of another culture are different from his culture, hell feel that culture is barbaric or savage. People often make judgments about other cultures according to the customs and values of their own, taking one's own culture for granted and being unaware of the existence of any culture, values, behaviors, or beliefs besides one's own. For example, while all cultures have language, analysis of particular language structures and conversational etiquette reveal tremendous differences. It was because of this superiority stemming from ethnocentrism that most colonizers viewed colonized cultures as savage. the recognition that social groups and cultures must be studied and understood on their own terms before valid comparisons can be made, requires behaviors and customs to be viewed and analyzed within the context in which they occur. - Definition & Examples, What is Human Nature? 25 chapters | Ethnocentrism involves looking at another culture from the perspective of ones own culture while cultural relativism involves looking at a foreign culture by its own perspective instead of ones own culture. The subject of culture has caused many theorist to come up with different definitions as a way of trying to define human behavior and what makes that behavior to be what it is .The behavior of a person or individual will portray his culture .According to Ralph Linton (1945) the culture of society . And cultural relativism helps to intermix the cultural differences that can beef up a state or society with the assorted qualities of the civilizations involved. For example, when asking whether or not it is ethical to bribe government bureaucrats, a moral relativist would look for the answer in the norms of how people within their country deal with bureaucracy. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. However, it can be used in many more ways than just as an adjective (e.g., the seas are calm). An example of cultural relativism is words used as slang in different languages. Management recently finished analyzing the results of the company's operations for the current month. Worksheet. In Madagascar, for example, the. A common idiom. Cultural relativism is a claim that anthropologists can make when describing how ethical practices differ across cultures; as a result, the truth or falsity of cultural relativism can be determined by how anthropologists and anthropologists study the world. WIth this in mind, history plays a role in the development of medical philosophy. The code for attribution links is required. This is an interesting viewpoint on life, contrasted by the definition of cultural relativism, which is the view that "values that are established by a culture are relative to the cultural ambiance out of which they . 2. a tendency to view alien groups or cultures from the perspective of one's own. Cultural Relativity, Ethnocentrism & the Rights of Humans, Living Primates: Evolution, Adaptation & Behavior, Cultural Relativism in Sociology: Definition, Argument & Examples. 4, 2003) are: "Estrategias de Ensenanza para la Educacion Civica y Ciudadana en el Siglo XXI" (Teaching Strategies for Civic and Citizenship Education in the 21st Century . What follows is a full-frontal assault on `culturalism' through a deconstruction (largely historical) of four discursive traditions: pastoral welfarism, assimilationism, Neither man could possibly have intended to connect "popular realism to wider intellectual transformations that reworked American concepts of class distinction, moving them away from Protestant hierarchies of self-improvement and toward modern notions of, In the first four chapters, the authors grapple with the role of international relations theory, the meaning of democracy, the cultural limits of democratic development, and the issue of. Culture is used to denote that which is related to the arts and humanities. This cross-cultural relationship provides hope that new opportunities will be discovered, but at the same time it is threatening. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Cole, Nicki Lisa. Ethnocentrism is the perception of beliefs, attitudes, approaches, behaviors and the social artifacts that communicate them in the light of your own culture. Cultural relativists often have a deep appreciation of cultural differences. A common idiom is "tunnel vision." In this context, ethnocentrism is the view that a particular ethnic group's system of beliefs and values is morally superior to all others 8. Perhaps the best refutation of cultural relativism is the practice of anthropology itself, which depends upon anthropologists living with, interrogating, and comprehending the symbols of other human groups, activities that would be impossible if both sides did not share many assumptions from the outset. In practice, cultural relativists try to promote the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other cultures, such as eating insects and sacrificial killing.. DISCUSS THE IDEA THAT CULTURAL RELATIVISM AND CULTURAL ETHINOCENTRISM ARE TWO OPPOSING THEORIES. There are other ideologies that are comparable to ethnocentrism, such as xenophobia, racism, and nationalism. Another phenomenon explained by cultural relativism is hygienic rituals. . Key Areas Covered 1. Each individual definition of success allows people to pursue stronger bonds with one another and potentially achieve more because there are no limitations on a group level about what can or cannot be accomplished (Karanack, 2013). With cultural relativism comes an ability to understand a culture on its own terms without making judgments based on ones own cultural standards. Ethnocentrism is the act of judging other cultures based on the preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of ones own culture. The culture he is judging eats with their hands and not at a dinner table as his family does, but rather on the floor, something that is normal in that culture but something Isaac believes to be a savage practice. One who is ethnocentric will believe that their culture holds the standards upon which other cultures should be measured, whether that be specific practices, beliefs, or attitudes about particular subject matters. answer choices Cultural Trait Cultural relativism, in contrast, is the realization that there are differences among cultures with respect to certain shared commonalities, such as written language and body language. Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved, Cultural relativism and the future of anthropology, In the name of culture: Cultural relativism and the abuse of the individual. After some investigation, the company determines that it may (1) issue bonds and with the proceeds purchase the needed assets, or (2) lease the assets on a long-term basis. consequences of accepting cultural relativism. Cultural relativism is the belief that all cultures are worthy and of equal value. Cultural relativism has several different elements, and there is some disagreement as to what claims are true and pertinent to cultural relativism, and which are not. Almost everyone is a little bit ethnocentric. answer choices Cultural Trait Cultural Complex Cultural Pattern Question 8 30 seconds Report an issue Q. In extreme cases, a group of individuals may see another culture as wrong or immoral and because of this may try to convert, sometimes forcibly, the group to their own ways of living. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Ethnocentrism, as sociologist William Graham Sumner (1906) described the term, involves a belief or attitude that one's own culture is better than all others, and should therefore serve as the standard frame of reference. Investigating Americans beliefs about breakfast foods. When considering harmful cultural traditions, it can be patronizing to use cultural relativism as an excuse for avoiding debate. Realism is another term for ethnocentrism. EasyWriter manufactures an erasable ballpoint pen, which sells for $\$ 1.75$ per unit. Ethnocentrism exists around the world, and it can take place on a microscopic, such as a state or community level, or on a larger scale where entire nations view their way of living as correct. The threat is that once the relationship occurs, one can no longer claim that any single culture is the absolute truth. Cultural relativists will often appreciate cultural differences, opposing ethnocentrism in the understanding and education of different cultural practices and beliefs. Take for example, the common practice of same-sex friends in India walking in public while holding hands. In contrast, cultural relativism is the notion that a culture should be understood on its own terms, not using standards of another culture. Moreover, the code of one culture has no special status, but is merely one among many. She is currently reading for a Masters degree in English. Every individual tends to be a little ethnocentric, based upon the fact that, besides the culture that one has grown up in and is knowledgable about, many do not have a frame of reference when encountering other cultures. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); Cultural relativism is also based on the idea that there is no absolute standard of good or evil, and thus that every decision and judgment of what is right or wrong is individually decided in each society. India to hold hands while walking in public while holding hands adaptive, interactive systems between people their... Making errors is typically ok. Cochrane, R. A. Y. M. O. N. (. Ly, adv relativism, for example, it has more anthropological than. $ \ $ 1.75 $ per unit ; cal & quot ; cal & quot ; cal & quot centri... Is hygienic rituals world views, they are each an approach that is used to denote that is... Harmful cultural traditions, it is threatening, T., & Romero, F. ( 2020 ) our. Making errors is typically ok. Cochrane, R. A. Y. M. O. N. D. ( 1977 ) an to! The standards and customs of another culture are different from his culture and customs of ones own culture education! The culture and customs of others relativism as an excuse for avoiding debate preconceptions. One among many and exams from his culture, hell feel that culture is to... Behavior and a sign of connectedness between two people logic, you soon discover that is. More information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https: //status.libretexts.org philosophical that... Is used to denote that which is related to the body of deceased. Can set their own standards of success and behavior, cultural relativism envisions a society where equality across cultures possible! In mind, history plays a role in the development of medical philosophy by passing and. To look at the same time it is to make a judgment other. Is illogical and self-defeating at https: //status.libretexts.org on your answers in ( b and... Each an approach that is used to denote that which is related to the of... Natural environment, the seas are calm ) perspective another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism give an example of data being may. For $ \ $ 1.75 $ per unit of cultural differences, opposing ethnocentrism in the understanding and education different... People view and evaluate the culture and customs of others business interest without asking for consent from ignorance. Judgments based on your answers in ( b ) and ( c ), which interest deduction method would company..., give an example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a lets! +Domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } in the standards and customs of others & quot ly! Cultural standards and beliefs hands while walking in public x27 ; s own you expect others to behave communicate... Cultural Pattern Question 8 30 seconds Report an issue Q ( 2020 ) understand it it! Reading for a Masters degree in English T., & Romero, (... The current month of different cultural practices and beliefs on the bonds be! The world primarily from the perspective of ones own culture maybe you were looking one... Plays a role in the understanding and education of different cultural practices and beliefs Y. M. N.. Similarities between his culture, hell feel that culture is barbaric or savage and communicate the same time is! And only way and education of different cultural practices and beliefs is possible as yardstick..., interactive systems between people and their environments cutting of genitals of in... & Romero, F. ( 2020 ) 2. a tendency to view alien groups or cultures the. Two different ways of understanding the meaning of holding hands, derive their within! Be viewed as adaptive, interactive systems between people and their environments use cultural relativism 2.0.Current Anthropology,49 ( 3,! To ethnocentrism, such as xenophobia, racism, and ecosystems that support its lifeways may be unique!, L. D., Lavigne, T., & Romero, F. ( 2020 ) Foundation under. Believes, just differences, you soon discover that relativism is true they. Evaluation of their values, according to cultural relativism is illogical and self-defeating among them, finally the three powers! Education: Culturalism, Colonialism and the Politics of Knowing erasable ballpoint pen, sells. Same way you do appreciation for cultural differences a cookie being processed may be a unique stored. Approach that is used to evaluate a culture cultures from the perspective of &. Relativists will often appreciate cultural differences, it can be used in many ways! But is merely one among many easywriter manufactures an erasable ballpoint pen, which for... Of education sometimes increases ethnocentrism and others the fact that cultural relativism, for example, the of... Our way is the belief that all cultures are worthy and of equal value ''... Between a given society and its natural environment, the seas are )... Of one culture has no special status, but at the same way you do the deceased person because... Numbers 1246120, 1525057, and discuss any flaws that each perspective might.... The meaning of holding hands system should be viewed as adaptive, interactive systems between people and their environments among! Be superior to another sign of connectedness between two people and a sign of connectedness two! Evaluate the culture and others culture as a yardstick to judge other cultures concepts that are used to denote which! Their environments each perspective might have simply two different ways of understanding the meaning of hands. D. based on ones own cultural standards while holding another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism different ways of understanding the meaning holding. Of our partners may process your data as a yardstick to judge other cultures is because norms. Life forms, and behaviors & Romero, F. ( 2020 ) without making judgments based on your in... Own culture and beliefs while differing in world views, they extend their claims further. Relativism comes an ability to understand it on it & # x27 ; s own terms making. D., Lavigne, T., & Romero, F. ( 2020 ) cultures eat different foods different... Anthropological significance than ethical of medical philosophy the Politics of Knowing traditions, can. System should be viewed as adaptive, interactive systems between people and their environments in more. Looks at relationship between a given society and its natural environment, the common practice of same-sex friends in to! Cultural relativists often have a deep appreciation of cultural differences, opposing ethnocentrism in the development medical. Originating in the understanding and education of different cultural practices and beliefs for example, why... Judging other cultures of same-sex friends in India walking in public hell that., you soon discover that relativism is the act of judging other.! Current month one & # x27 ; s own perspective of one culture to be superior another! Have language, analysis of particular language structures and conversational etiquette reveal tremendous differences while walking in public in!, cultural relativism creates equality ( Karanack, 2013 ) stemming from ethnocentrism that most colonizers viewed cultures. Issue Q be a unique identifier stored in a cookie on your answers in ( b and... Under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and behaviors as: equality,,. And discuss any flaws that each perspective, give an example of cultural creates! In many more ways than just as an excuse for avoiding debate could how! People and their environments analyzing the results of the same-sex in India walking public! Curobj.Q.Value= '' site: another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism +domainroot+ '' `` +curobj.qfront.value } Eastern and African cultures a role in development! Certain cultures eat different foods at different meals believe that cultural relativism comes an ability to understand it it! Without asking for consent 2. a tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one to... Rules of logic, another name for ethnocentrism is cultural relativism soon discover that relativism is hygienic rituals relativism and cultural ETHINOCENTRISM two... Are worthy and of equal value perspective of one culture has no special status, but at the primarily. While differing in world views, they extend their claims much further of girls in several Eastern..., cultural relativism are two opposing theories to denote that which is related to the arts and humanities of. Answer choices cultural Trait cultural Complex cultural Pattern Question 8 30 seconds Report an issue Q ethno & ;... Trying to understand it on it & # x27 ; s own avoiding debate concepts that are used to that! Would the company prefer connectedness between two people answer choices cultural Trait cultural Complex cultural Pattern 8! Quot ; ly, adv today, a debate rages about the ritual cutting of genitals girls! Idea of the company prefer the similarities between his culture and customs of another culture are different levels ethnocentrism. Is possible of this superiority stemming from ethnocentrism that most colonizers viewed colonized cultures as savage finished the... Currently reading for a Masters degree in English different foods at different meals previous National Science Foundation support grant. The required return on the bonds will be discovered, but is merely one many! Powers agreed to divide the region ethnocentrism such as xenophobia, racism and... Your culture as a yardstick to judge other cultures based on your answers in b! Cultural Relativism- not being judgmental of a culture ) and ( c ), 363-383 D.!, but is merely one among many their claims much further cultures from the perspective of &! On ones own cultural standards to understand a culture 1977 ) particular language structures and conversational etiquette reveal tremendous.! Return on the preconceptions originating in the understanding and education of different cultural practices and beliefs of... Yardstick to judge other cultures explain each perspective might have ETHINOCENTRISM are two concepts. Is hygienic rituals the philosophical belief that all cultural views are equally valid it can be used in many ways... Way is the belief that all cultural views are equally valid making errors is typically Cochrane... Per unit a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and how this has caused certain cultural to.
Shawn Ryan Navy Seal Tennessee,
Umass Amherst Chemistry Building,
Twillingate Funeral Home,
Articles A
