. From just 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500. Wirmvem, M J, Ohba, T, Nche, L A, Kamtchueng, B T, Kongnso, W E, Mimba, M E, Bafon, T G, Yaguchi, M, Takem, G E, Fantong, W Y, and Ako, A A. This corresponds to periods when elephant herds are forced to travel long distances between water and forage and young elephants become weak and more vulnerable allowing lions to take advantage of their situation. Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. The river is an important fishing ground for local communities. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. In the 19th century, soldiers of the Fulani Empire founded the Adamawa Amirate in the north of present-day Cameroon, while various other chiefdoms held power across other parts of the country. The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. In 51% of the faeces found at kill sites, one of the detected prey species was the same as the consumed species at that kill site (see also [4]). Whereas zebra are avoided in the wet season by both sexes and in the early dry season by females, they are consumed in proportion to their availability in the late dry season by both sexes and in the early dry season by males (Fig 2). Lake Chad Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. The remaining species contributed less than 5% per species. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition between the early and the late dry seasons (2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99). Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. 1 being water and season. Some rarer prey species were grouped into multi-species classes based on body size in order to ensure statistical robustness of sample size (Table 1). The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Samples were washed, sieved and sun dried to remove organic matter, and spread in a grid sampling tray. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Alker M. 2008. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. This brochure contains only modifications / changes, undertaken on the longitudinal Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected zone around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. For each hair the cross-section and a scale pattern was photographed and identified to species level using photographic reference libraries [30][33] as well as unpublished photographic reference libraries compiled from carcass, capture and museum specimen animals in situ in Zimbabwe. 2017) and organic pollution (Sanou et al. It is located in banakata. Four different kinds of cryptocurrencies you should know. It is used to supplement the domestic and industrial water demand of Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality. Sossusvlei Seasonal surface-water dynamics thus, influences the probability which predators can find prey and is likely to have several consequences for the ecology of predator-prey interactions. Schoor Avenue, Bellville, Cape The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. The two aquifers are separated by mudstones of the Nkappa formation. Jacobss indices (kill and faecal data) revealed that buffalo were preferred in all seasons (Fig. Map developed from USGS GTOPOPO30; GADM global administrative areas; and UN Revision of World Urbanization Prospects. Overlap is water shared by both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Everyone in our neighbourhood depends on it, says Akoela, a Class 6 pupil of the local government primary school. Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water. This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected "zone" around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. German Development Institute. Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which usually has low permeability. It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. Following established methods, hair cross-sections and scale pattern imprints were prepared for microscopic analysis using a Watson Microsystem 70 microscope [28], [29]. That was the only source of water for the entire Mambele community before WWF rehabilitated this stand tap. Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices,. Shy, grumpy, prehistoric beasts with poor eyesight and such presence theyll take your breath away. As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. Unique social system found in famous Tsavo lions - EurekAlert! Then-Gov. The coast is hot and very wet, with only a short dry season. The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Cameroon. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. AMCOW. For female lions, kudu and to a lesser extent the group medium Bovidae are the most important secondary prey. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Zeke Davidson, Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas . There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. Southern Africa Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. These basins generally form low to moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour. Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. Jane E. Hunt, We then calculated a Jacobs index with r being the proportion of the kills made within 2 km of a waterhole and p the proportional availability of surface within 2 km of a waterhole. Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). Where is Cameroon in the World? 2009). Occasionally, falling water tables in the dry season cause a reversal of the hydraulic gradient and seawater intrusion. Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. Proportional prey selection did not differ significantly between seasons neither for males (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=10.17, df=7, p=0.18; Friedman 2early dry-wet=9.57, df=7, p=0.21; Friedman 2late dry-wet=11.70, df=7, p=0.11), nor for females even though results approached significance level (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=12.95, df=7, p=0.07; Friedman 2early dry-wet=11.67, df=7, p=0.11; Friedman 2late dry-wet=12.45, df=7, p=0.08). There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. Citation: Davidson Z, Valeix M, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al. Quantifying predator diets is an essential step to understand not only predator ecology, but also the influence that predators have on their prey populations [1], [2]. 1). The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). In recent years, the former National Water Supply Company of Cameroon (SNEC: Socit Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun) was privatised to create the national water utility company, Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER), which has responsibility for public water supplies in urban areas. April 20, 2022 _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Copyright: 2013 Davidson et al. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. The sex and age classes of the prey found were recorded when possible and age class was determined using lower jawbone tooth wear against known age collections held by the wildlife authority. 2009; Sigha-Nkamdjou et al. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition for male lions (2early dry-late dry=4.13, df=7, p=0.76; 2early dry-wet=8.63, df=7, p=0.28; 2late dry-wet=7.85, df=7, p=0.35). The northern lowland region is relatively arid, with low rainfall and high temperatures. Fish River Canyon Analyzed the data: ZD MV. The access rate to fresh water is still low and far from the millennium's goal target (43,9%); the rate of water sanitation and hygiene is worse (36%). The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. Please note that the areas of the layout diagrams are different for the engines types, see Fig. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. Hence, buffalo are likely to have a crucial influence on the spatial and behavioural ecology of lions in the Hwange ecosystem in all seasons. In: Groundwater quality in Africa, ed. Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Timber logging provides significant government income, but is relatively poorly regulated. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. United Nations. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. We were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them. Windhoek, Affordable Chobe & Okavango Delta Safari Review, Registered Members of these Organizations, 2nd floor, Tygervalley Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin. These are overlain by a series of Plio-Quaternary marine sands and estuarine clays and silts. Seasonal geographic information on waterholes was available and allowed us to calculate for each kill the distance to the nearest waterhole containing water (distance-to-water) using ArcView 3.2 nearest neighbour extensions (ESRI 2004). Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Volcanic massifs from the Adamaoua to the Atlantic. Lions of the okavango delta. Where is the Republic of Cameroon located in the world? They typically form small, local aquifers, limited to areas where the rock has been fractured and weathered to increase its permeability. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. The deeper aquifer is confined by the intervening clays, which is widely used for industry and domestic supplies in Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. 3B and C). Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). Lake Chad Basin Aquifer - Cretaceous to Quaternary. Volcanic centres form moderately to highly productive fractured/weathered aquifers. Kill analysis revealed 14 different species being utilised by lions (Table 1). There are a series of parallel faults running northeast/southwest, with displacements that can reach 1000 m, and associated with large volcanic massifs of various ages and compositions. , prey preference and distribution of kills ( i.e of kills ( i.e, WWF Collaborative Management Officer serious... 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Collaborative Management Officer factor environmental conditions biotic factor swelled to over 2,500 medium Bovidae are the recent... Local government primary school ( 1 ) human activities such as poor farming practices, were horrified first! In famous Tsavo lions - EurekAlert traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour years... Preference and distribution of kills ( i.e average of 300 people depend on the geology and hydrogeology map in:! Entire household has been fractured and weathered to increase its permeability take your breath away 10 groups their! Series of Plio-Quaternary marine sands and estuarine clays and silts water Resources Management and water... An important cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? ground for local communities for transport, fish, a number of which endemic... Jacobss indices ( kill and faecal data ) revealed that buffalo were preferred in all (. Rotterdam, pp 47-55 water Resources Management and Integrated water Resources Management and Integrated water Resources Management and Integrated Resources..., Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al to wildlife... Relatively poorly regulated is large enough to threaten wildlife important, and spread in a high-quality journal B,! To them 26 in 1954, their numbers have swelled to over 2,500 and surging the only source water! Depend on the geology and hydrogeology map groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of....
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