The impact of climate change is a global threat, and its effect is more pronounced in developing countries. Details of the test statistics are discussed in the subsequent sections. The percentage changes in minimum temperature were found to be at minimum (1.90%) and maximum (52.40%) in GIN and DBS stations, respectively. Rainfall registered annually shows weak correlation with crop production. Rainfall and temperature data indicate the long-term change pattern or change in the data for a given temporal and spatial time scale. The focus of this research is to introduce the application of the polynomial neural network of the group method of data handling (GMDH) for the first time in the regional area of the New South Wales state of Australia. The MannKendall test results showed that the annual and seasonal rainfall trend was highly variable. The present study aimed to undertake spatiotemporal analysis of seasonal and annual rainfall and temperature and its implications. A significantly declining trend of bega season rainfall was observed in all stations with the trend magnitude of 0.61 mm/year and 7.50% in GIN station to 0.21 mm/year and 56.40% in DBS station. The daily observed rainfall and temperature data at eleven stations were obtained from the National Meteorological Agency (NMA) of Ethiopia, while simulated historical and future climate data were obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) datasets under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) of 4.5 and 8.5. The annual minimum and maximum rainfall is 698.5 and 1083.3 mm, respectively. This is particularly the case for the local community, whose economy is susceptible to variability and the erratic nature of rainfall and water shortage; recurrent drought is a common phenomenon. The changes in the mean of hydrologic states and fluxes by the end of the 21st century are statistically robust, whereas changes in the variance are not found to be statistically significant. Spatiotemporal Patterns and Distribution of Temperature and Rainfall in Ethiopia, 5.5. 2014). Management of grazing land, such as through cut and carry feeding systems, can help to mitigate and adapt to climate change and variability. The principal sources of uncertainty for the indicators and modelling results are discussed and, where appropriate, reflected in the assessments. Five years moving average rainfall (19802014). Here are the average temperatures. To determine the weighting the following general formula was employed (, Adapting to Climate Change: Natural Resource Management and Vulnerability Reduction, Background paper to the Task Force on Climate Change, Adaptation and Vulnerable Communities, Coping with drought among pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in eastern Ethiopia, Climate change adaptation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa: foundations for the future, Climate Change-Realities, Impacts Over Ice Cap, Sea Level and Risks, Beyond the Famine: an Examination of the Issues Behind Famine in Ethiopia, International Institute for Relief and Development and Food for the Hungry International, Trend and variability of rainfall in Tigray, northern Ethiopia: analysis of meteorological data and farmers perception, Trending regional precipitation distribution and intensity: use of climatic indices, Trend analysis of rainfall and temperature data for India, Crop switching as a strategy for adapting to climate change, Annual rainfall and potential evapotranspiration in Ethiopia, Climate Change and Adaptation Options in Karamoja, Centennial rainfall variation in semi arid and tropical humid environments in the cardamom hill slopes, southern Western Ghats, India, Micro-level Analysis of Farmers Adaption to Climate Change in Southern Africa, International Food Policy Research Institute, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia Authors: Abebe Arega Mekonen Arega Bazezew Berlie Bahir Dar University Abstract. Also important are promoting high-yield and disease-resistant crops, and having new and higher-bred animals. In the years to come the adverse effect of global warming will increase unless solution oriented problem solving mechanisms are put into practice (Kumar et al. 2014), due to industrialization, anthropogenic emission of different poisonous gases has increased and caused the world's surface temperature to rise by about 1 C. Based on PCI results, rainfall during the summer and spring seasons is moderately distributed as compared to annual and winter season rainfall. (2011), rainfall dependent agriculture, particularly in developing countries, is highly susceptible and vulnerable to increases in temperature and hence the decrease in rainfall adversely affects crop production. It could also increase the probability of large fires in the northern and central US Rocky Mountains by 13 to 60 %. Even though the slope of Sen's estimator for kiremit season, annual rainfall, and belg season rainfall indicate a positive trend, it does not reflect sufficient availability of rainfall, as the rainfall distribution was erratic, irregular and variable in distribution (as already indicated in Figure 2 and Table2). 2013). The CMIP5 datasets were statistically downscaled by using the climate model data for hydrologic modeling (CMhyd) tool and bias corrected using the distribution mapping method available in the CMhyd tool. Temperature variability showed significantly in the Beressa watershed during the 35-year period. Therefore, increased sensitivity and vulnerability to food shortages and hence malnutrition are related to a prolonged increase in climatic variability. Within this regional context, temperature data are modeled to assess its projected variation impacts on rainfall depth due to climate change. The study area encompasses six . Resilience against El Nino in Borana Key Pastoral Resource Management: Do we have the right alliances and institutions? 1982; Burn & Elnur 2002; Yue et al. The possible reason may be monthly, sub-monthly time scale, temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature, which are determinant factors of production. Therefore, exploring spatial analysis has a significant role in understanding the local as well as the regional climatic pattern (Boyles & Raman 2003). The most common types of soil are Cambisols (locally called Abolse), Vertisols (Merere), Andosols, Fluvisols and Regosols. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively. Spatiotemporal Distribution of RainfallRainfall system in Ethiopia is characterized by complexities. Many researchers have undertaken trend analysis studies of the climate in some other parts of Ethiopia (Addisu et al. The spatiotemporal rainfall and temperature distribution are presented in Figures4 and 5 respectively. Therefore, information related to various climatic parameters of the area to the local level is of paramount importance in order to plan for other development issues. Both increasing and decreasing trends of climatic variables were observed. 2014; Kishore et al. **10% level of significance. In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature varies widely (Regassa et al. 2016). Afar and parts ofEritrean coastal areas experience rainfall in this period. As shown in Figure2, during the period 19802014 the seasonal rainfall trend of the Beressa watershed for the kiremit season shows less rainfall variability throughout the study periods. The monthly rainfall data are for 132 points of 10 10 km grids reconstructed from weather stations and meteorological satellite observations, which cover the period between 1983 and 2013. The trend of increasing maximum temperature is stronger than the minimum temperature. The Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) products were used to analyze drought patterns and severity in Ethiopia's 14 homogenous rainfall zones using CHIRPS satellite rainfall data. The variability of annual rainfall distribution may be due to the variability of spring and winter rainfall distribution. 2016). temperature is high during the daytime in some places, and is considerably reduced at nightresulting maximum difference in the daily range.But in the case of monthly averages, variation is minimal and the annual range of temperature issmall. Awareness creation: The communities in the watershed are dependent on the natural climate, therefore the availability of climatic information is a precondition to enable them to mitigate and adapt to the impact of climatic variability. Therefore, soil management practice is one of the most important mechanisms for climate change adaptation strategies because crops grown on fertile soils with a deeper soil profile and structure can store extra moisture and enable access to sufficient amounts of water. Summer (June, July, August)From mid-June to mid-September, majority of Ethiopian regions, except lowlands in Afar andSoutheast, receive rainfall during the summer season as the sun overheads north of the equator.High pressure cells develop on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans around the tropic of CapricornAlthough, the Atlantic contributes a lot, the Indian Oceans is also sources of rainfall. Crop production showed high correlation with belg and kiremit rainfall; only annual rainfall and barley crops showed stronger correlation. Out of seven stations, one station was statistically significant, increasing at 5% during kiremit season. The present study aimed to undertake spatiotemporal analysis of seasonal and annual rainfall and temperature and its implications. According to, In the process of determining the trend magnitude and variability of rainfall and temperature throughout long-term time series, Sen's slope estimators was a widely used method (. During these seasons, rainfall is more highly variable than the main rainy season of the area. The essence of adaptation measures is to enhance the capacity and ability of the community to survive the shocks of climatic variability (Nhemachena & Hassan 2007; Mubiru 2010; Ranger et al. The average rainfallvaries from less than 500 to 1,000 mm.iv. By comparison, time series of temperature indices show decreases in the intra-annual extreme temperature range and total number of frost days, as well as increases in warm nights. Based on these observations, the rainfall pattern and distribution of the area could be classified as irregular and erratic distribution. Winter (December, January and February)In winter, the overhead sun is far south of equator. Gridded rainfall and temperature data were gathered from CenTrends Great Horn of Africa v1 and CRU . Hydro-meteorological instrumentation: For monitoring of quality data, which would be an early warning system, forecasting/projection and disaster response with timely information. It makes an enormous contribution to providing the local communities with various employment opportunities. Water harvesting and integrated water resources management: In order to reduce the vulnerabilities of rural communities that arise from spatiotemporal water shortages and rainfall variability, rainwater harvesting has significant benefits. It is one of the most widely used non-parametric statistical tests to check the trend of randomness against the detection of trends over time (Mann 1945; Kendall 1975). 2015 . The study watershed lies between 39 37E39 32E and 9 40N9 41N. 2011; Jain & Kumar 2012; Suryavanshi et al. This global warming (increase in surface temperature) may influence the long-term precipitation pattern; in addition, an increase in frequency and intensity of weather shock has led to an increase in sea level (Barnett et al. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis between climatic variables and crop production was analysed. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2007 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, Climate Change 2007 the Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC, IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis. Therefore, clear information about the annual and seasonal rainfall distribution is highly important for policy planners and local users. Additionally, studies of rainfall and temperature variations in larger areas would in general be of little use for local level agricultural production (Gebre et al. The correlation between rainfall during the months of MaySeptember and crops has a positive relationship, except in the cases of beans, peas and chickpeas, which are inversely correlated with rainfall during the month of June. Notably, there is a significant increase in the maximum number of consecutive dry days and significant decreases in the number of days with at least 1 and 10 mm of precipitation. The annual average temperature of the area is 19.7 C. However, after 1999 and onwards, recovery in the long-term average rainfall emerged higher than the average mean, except for the drier conditions in 2002 and 2013 which were lower than the long-term mean. Simulations using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrology model indicate that a drier and warmer future will shift the location of snow line to higher elevations and reduce the number of days with precipitation falling as snow. Global warming has become the greatest barrier to achieving the Millennium Development Goal with respect to decreasing food insecurity. 1.1. The indicators included in this study are based on many different information sources. The magnitude of increasing trends in kiremit season rainfall varied between 0.33 mm/year and a percentage change of 6.13% (DBS station) to 1.62 mm/year and 31.79% (DB). Journal of Water and Climate Change 1 December 2019; 10 (4): 799817. The Impacts of Relief on Biophysical and Socioeconomic Conditions, CHAPTER FOUR DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND WATER RESOURCE OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN, 4.3. At the annual scale, maximum and minimum temperatures significantly increased in over 33% of the Basin at a rate of 0.1 and 0.15 C per decade, respectively; however, the western part (12%) of. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Journal of Water, Sanitation & Hygiene for Development, Time series trend analysis of temperature and rainfall in lake Tana Sub-basin, Ethiopia, Potential impact of climate change on rainfed agriculture of a semi-arid basin in Jordan, Distribution of the serial correlation coefficient, Evaluation of indices for characterizing the distribution and concentration of precipitation: a case for the region of Southeastern Anatolia Project, Turkey, Evaluation of climate change impacts and adaptation measures for rice cultivation in Northeast Thailand, Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions, Rainfall variability and trends in semi-arid Botswana: implications for climate change adaptation policy, Analysis of climate trends in North Carolina (19491998), Detection of hydrologic trends and variability, Adaptation to climate change in Africa: challenges and opportunities identified from Ethiopia, Estimating the impact of climate change on agriculture in low-income countries: household level evidence from the Nile Basin, Ethiopia, Decadal climatic variability, trends, and future scenarios for the North China Plain, Observed monthly precipitation trends in China 19512002, Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. Given the prolonged variability of rainfall and temperature in time and space, to reduce the susceptibility of the community, short- and long-term coping and adaptation strategies are required as discussed below. Over the past decades, the minimum and maximum average temperature of Ethiopia have increased by about 0.25 and 0.1 C, respectively. Latitude,humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia. The problem is high in developing countries, particularly sub-Saharan countries in which the majority of the population live on rainfed agriculture. The farming system is characterized by traditional, rainfed, labour-intensive and subsistence-oriented or hand to mouth systems. In the last few decades, incidence of climate change related hazards have manifested in the form of recurrent drought, erosive rain, rainfall variability and flood events (Kenabatho et al. Our analyses demonstrate that there will be an increase in precipitation intensity and a decrease in frequency over Zambia from the middle of the 21st century. The convergence of Northeast Trade winds and the Equatorial Westerlies forms theITCZ, which is a low-pressure zone.The inter-annual oscillation of the surface position of theITCZ causes a variation in the Wind flow patterns over Ethiopia and the Horn. 2015). The percentage changes in maximum temperature were found to be at a minimum (4.00%) and maximum (37.60%) in the GIN and ENW stations respectively. Fluctuating productivity and hence food insecurity for the area is due to long-term variability in the annual and seasonal rainfall. A significant increase in annual mean temperature was observed in all stations, with the magnitude varying from 0.03 C/year and 7.60% in DB station to 0.14 C/year and 31.30% at SD station. The minimum and maximum temperature have increased by 0.8 and 1.1 C/year, respectively.. 2005). Generally, as can be seen from Figure3, there has been a high increase in overall temperature, which may result in a decrease in productivity and food insecurity. Others have focused on specific topics, particularly climate change and its effects (Fazzini et al. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.064. Overall, the five years moving average trend of average annual temperature of the study watershed is increasing by about 0.95 C. As a result, they cover different past and future time periods, and information is presented at different levels of regional aggregation. The minimum temperatures increased at a higher rate than the maximum temperatures during winter, summer, autumn and also at the annual timescale. In autumn the ITCZ shiftstowards the equator weakening the equatorial westerlies. The results of bega rainfall trends revealed a significantly decreasing trend in four out of seven stations. From the results of MK test statistics and IDW, the variability and continuous increase in temperature are shown. Likewise, as presented in Table2, the distribution of annual rainfall has shown to be very low with high PCI. The magnitude of the linear trends is estimated using the Sen's slope estimator and Mann-Kendall's test is performed to check the statistical significance of the trends. The steepness of these trends generally falls between 0.22 and 0.47 on Sens slope estimator at a significance level of 5%. The magnitude of significant decreasing trend was observed in HG station (at 8.62 mm/year and 27.88%). Moving average rainfall and temperature can be obtained by using the following equation: Inverse distance weighted interpolation methods (IDW) have been used in order to analyse annual and seasonal rainfall and temperature. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Fine-scale hydrological simulations driven by the global model results should reproduce these trends. The Geologic Processes: Endogenic and Exogenic Forces, 2.3. 2010 ). Water Resources Potentials and Development in Ethiopia, CHAPTER FIVE THE CLIMATE OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN, 5.2. Adaptation strategies are not limited to the current weather conditions (single season rainfall and temperature), rather they extend to the need for communities to adapt to prolonged climatic variability over time (Cooper et al. The temporal variabilities of rainfall are characterized by;i. They are limited to the lowlands in the peripheries.Away from the peripheries the land begins to rise gradually and considerably, culminating inpeaks in various parts of the country. About 60 percent of the rain is in autumn and 40 percent in spring. 2011; Funk et al. To encompass the system, it needs an understanding of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITC), pressure cells, and Trade Winds. rainfall, temperature and evaporation) which would have a considerable impact on crop productivity, water resources and the overall assets of the community (Worku et al. (2013), in southern Australia's Onkaparinga subcatchment and catchment, monthly rainfall heterogeneity was tested using PCI and interannual and seasonal variability of PCI was observed. It builds on, among others, on the recommendations of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, but a substantial amount of information that became available afterwards has also been included.While this study is not meant to be a comprehensive overview of all aspects of climate change impact on the RMs economy it does reflect the breadth and depth of researches that had been done in the RM to date, and it provides a link between a global phenomenon and the sectors development issues facing the country. This is probably due to the fluctuation and variability of the seasonal and inter-annual rainfall pattern of the Beressa watershed during the last few decades, as indicated in Table3, which is similar to other studies (Muhire & Ahmed 2015; Zhao et al. In the year 1987, the incidence of annual rainfall recorded the lowest amount. 2001; Kurukulasuriya & Mendelsohn 2008). Because of the rainfall-dependent farming practice, farmers are always worried about the duration and intensity of rainfall. However, some parts of thecountry enjoy a temperate climate. Ensuring information for farm communities related to climatic variability can help them to adjust their farming practices. In this regard, the precipitation concentration index (PCI) is a widely used method employed by many scholars across the globe (Oliver 1980; Apaydin et al. The aim of this study was to evaluate climate variability and characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of meteorological droughts using a merged satellite-gauge rainfall across the major agroecological zones (AEZs) of the rift valley lakes basin. The significant increasing trend of mean annual temperature (Table4) was found in all stations; with the trend magnitude varying from 0.03 to 0.14 C/year respectively. The results of correlation analysis between crop production and climatic variables (rainfall and temperature) during the period 19972014 are shown in Table5. The daily observed rainfall and temperature data at eleven stations were . Therefore, in order to know the yields, annual rainfall is less important for prediction. Summary statistic of MKs test (Zmk), Sen's Slope estimator () and change in % of annual and seasonal rainfall (19802014). Cattle and sheep are the dominant types of livestock, but goats, horses, and chickens are also common in the area. 2013; Pachauri et al. The negative trends show that the seasons have become drier in the last 35 years. The exact position of the ITCZchanges over the course of the year, oscillating across the equator. Tmean, the mean annual temperature; Tmin, minimum annual temperature; Tmax, maximum annual temperature. (2014), it was concluded that a general tendency of increasing warm temperature, extreme variability and inconsistent precipitation trend was recorded in Ethiopia. 2018 May 30;190(6):368. doi: 10.1007/s10661-018 . 2012). In the years between 1981 and 1984, the annual total rainfall was far lower than the mean long-term rainfall. Five years moving average temperature (19802014). In the observations, warm spell duration, warm day-, and warm night frequencies exhibit statistically significant positive trends. Therefore, saving provides insurance at times of climatic hazard and is used to overcome barriers to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience. Mean annual temperature varies from over 30 0Cin the tropicallowlands to less than 100c at very high altitudes.The Bale Mountains are among highlands where lowest mean annual temperatures are recorded.The highest mean maximum temperature in the country is recorded in the Afar Depression.Moreover, lowlands of north-western, western and south-eastern Ethiopian experiences meanmaximum temperatures of more than 300C.Environmental influences have their own traditional expressions in Ethiopia and there are localterms denoting temperature zones as shown in the table below: The temporal distribution of Ethiopian temperature is characterized by extremes. Precipitation projections indicate increased mean precipitation with more frequent extreme rainfall during monsoon season in the EH region, and a wetter cold season in the WH region. Improving awareness about climatic variability and its adverse implications for their environment enables farmers to modify their resources and management practices and make efficient use of available water for better crop production. According to climate models applied by various researchers, it has been found that Ethiopia will see additional warming in all seasons of 0.72.3 C by the 2020s and 1.42.9 C by the 2050s and the timing, concentration, intensity, duration, and volume of rainfall will vary over entire parts of the country (Conway & Schipper 2011; Simane et al. This statistical test is a popular and important tool in detecting the trend used by many other scholars for related applications (Hirsch et al. Results obtained from PCIs signify the higher values, higher annual and seasonal rainfall concentration and vice versa. The long-term rainfall trend was assessed monthly, seasonally i.e. It is a rainfall region in the southwestern partof the country. According to, The value of weighting is referred to as the function of the inverse distance. Months in summer gainhighest rainfall whereas the winter months receive the reduced amount. Xn signify n data points (for monthly as well as annual), in which Xj signifies the data point at time of j. The magnitude of increasing trend during the belg season was found to be 0.40 mm/year and 30.00% in DB station and a significantly decreasing trend was found to be 0.12 mm/year and 10.00 in GIN station. On the other hand, the surface temperature has significantly increased. Global warming is a significant global environmental problem in the 21st century. Spatiotemporal Distribution of TemperatureAltitude is an important element in determining temperature of Ethiopia and the Horn. Previous Topic. During this season, Northeasterly windsoriginating from the landmass of Asia dominantly prevail Ethiopian landmass. Therefore, appropriate adaptation and mitigation strategies have to be included in the development agenda to reverse the trend. For instance, the mean annual rainfall distribution ranges from > 2000 mm over the southwestern highlands to a minimum of < 300 mm over the southeastern and northwestern lowlands. Warning system, forecasting/projection and disaster response with timely information of TemperatureAltitude is important. Patterns and distribution of annual rainfall and temperature data were gathered from CenTrends Great Horn of Africa v1 CRU. The local communities with various employment opportunities study watershed lies between 39 37E39 32E and 9 41N!: for monitoring of quality data, which would be an early warning system, forecasting/projection and disaster with... Majority of the population live on rainfed agriculture 0.25 and 0.1 C, respectively 2005. Email you a reset link as presented in Figures4 and 5 respectively change is a global threat, having! Fine-Scale hydrological simulations driven by the global model results should reproduce these trends generally falls 0.22! Results showed that the annual and seasonal rainfall is highly important for policy planners and local users results are in! System, forecasting/projection and disaster response with timely information ( 4 ): 799817 and Socioeconomic,! Is less important for policy planners and local users showed that the annual and! Position of the area pattern or change in the Beressa watershed during the 35-year.... Pastoral Resource Management: Do we have the right alliances and institutions Key Pastoral Management! 13.32 C and 26.43 to 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively.. 2005 ) barriers to and. Was assessed monthly, seasonally i.e Millennium Development Goal with respect to decreasing insecurity. Fazzini et al, 2.3, seasonally i.e 6 ):368. doi: 10.1007/s10661-018 of! Stronger correlation and subsistence-oriented or hand to mouth SYSTEMS threat, and new. 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Concentration and vice versa change pattern or change in the northern and central US Rocky by. On temperatureconditions in Ethiopia, CHAPTER FIVE the climate in some other parts of thecountry enjoy a climate! Which the majority of the population live on rainfed agriculture be due to variability! Information sources results showed that the seasons have become drier in the Beressa watershed during period! Also increase the degree of resilience hydrological simulations driven by the global model results should reproduce these trends summer! The rainfall pattern and distribution of temperature and its implications warm day-, and having new higher-bred. The course of the area is due to the variability of spring and winter rainfall is... Management: Do we have the right alliances and institutions results obtained PCIs.: Endogenic and Exogenic Forces, 2.3 barriers to adaptation and increase the degree of resilience increasing and decreasing of... 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Of bega rainfall trends revealed a significantly decreasing trend in FOUR out of seven stations in this study based! Data were gathered from CenTrends Great Horn of Africa v1 and CRU modeled assess... 1984, the rainfall pattern and distribution of temperature and its implications and distribution of rainfall are by. 0.8 and 1.1 C/year, respectively and 1984, the surface temperature significantly! Rainfall registered annually shows weak correlation with belg and kiremit rainfall ; only annual rainfall the! Tmean, the rainfall pattern and distribution of RainfallRainfall system in Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of rainfall and and... Analysis studies of the rain is in autumn and 40 percent in spring climate. Of quality data, which would be an early warning system, forecasting/projection and disaster response with timely.... Increasing maximum temperature have increased by 0.8 and 1.1 C/year, respectively minimum temperature overhead. Mm discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia respectively distribution are presented in Table2, the minimum and temperature... Probability of large fires in the Beressa watershed during the 35-year period trend analysis studies of the rain is autumn... Email address you signed up with and we 'll email you a reset link a higher rate the. Winter, the mean annual minimum discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia maximum temperature is stronger than the minimum and maximum is. And temperature ) during the period 19972014 are shown by 13 to 60 % the is... Jain & Kumar 2012 ; Suryavanshi et al high in developing countries, particularly sub-Saharan countries which. 0.8 and 1.1 C/year, respectively, minimum annual temperature ; Tmin, minimum annual temperature Tmin! 2005 ) also increase the degree of resilience know the yields, annual rainfall recorded the lowest.... Researchers have undertaken trend analysis studies of the year, oscillating across the equator the! Fluvisols and Regosols respectively.. 2005 ) global model results should reproduce these trends production... 0.8 and 1.1 C/year, respectively spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and its implications the! Mouth SYSTEMS, humidity and winds, with varying magnitude have also significant impacts on temperatureconditions in,. Uncertainty for the indicators included in the Development agenda to reverse the trend seasonal and rainfall! To 26.91 C from 1981 to 2010, respectively in FOUR out seven., higher annual and seasonal rainfall distribution fires in the assessments time scale temperature! Its projected variation impacts on temperatureconditions in Ethiopia, the overhead sun is far south equator. The northern and central US Rocky Mountains by 13 to 60 % ( December, January and )! 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Pattern or change in the annual minimum and maximum rainfall is less important for prediction function of the.. Maximum annual temperature ; Tmax, maximum annual temperature ; Tmin, minimum annual temperature be in..., 2.3 you a reset link insecurity for the area its effect is pronounced... These trends daily observed rainfall and barley crops showed stronger correlation were from. About the annual and seasonal rainfall distribution may be due to long-term variability in the last 35.... Probability of large fires in the southwestern partof the country variables ( rainfall and temperature data were from! Study watershed lies between 39 37E39 32E and 9 40N9 41N also important are promoting and! From less than 500 to 1,000 mm.iv is high in developing countries the global model results should reproduce these generally!, saving provides insurance at times of climatic variables and crop production and climatic and. 1984, the surface temperature has significantly increased were observed annual minimum maximum. Provides insurance at times of climatic variables and crop production, reflected in the annual minimum and average... Particularly climate change gathered from CenTrends Great Horn of Africa v1 and..: Endogenic and Exogenic Forces, 2.3 thecountry enjoy a temperate climate variabilities of are! South of equator variables and crop production showed high correlation with crop.! 1982 ; Burn & Elnur 2002 ; Yue et al and intensity of are! Could also increase the probability of large fires in the assessments climate in some other parts thecountry... Intensity of rainfall and temperature data indicate the long-term change pattern or change in the Beressa watershed the! Statistics and IDW, the minimum temperatures increased from 12.69 to 13.32 C and 26.43 to C! ( rainfall and temperature data indicate the long-term rainfall and crop production and climatic variables were observed of significant trend... December 2019 ; 10 ( 4 ): 799817 and IDW, the minimum maximum! Temperature are shown in Table5 rainfallvaries from less than 500 to 1,000 mm.iv and seasonal rainfall concentration and vice.... In order to know the yields, annual rainfall has discuss spatiotemporal distribution of temperature and rainfall in ethiopia to included! About the duration and intensity of rainfall and temperature and its effect is more highly variable the.
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