the psychopath inside sparknotes

by James Fallon adds another piece to the puzzle.Somewhat, he makes psychopathy more about shades of grey. There are no magic bullets. PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION | The world may be like this at times, but often it isnt. Psychopaths, same as chronic liars, tend to make up grandiose, exaggerated stories that sound either out of a movie, or plain impossible. Dr. Fallon goes back and forth, back and forth, about the impact of his actions. A small survey of thirty-five psychopathic offenders in youth detention facilities found that 70 percent reported serious mistreatment throughout childhood. He reads the literature on psychopathy, digs into his past, talks to his family and friends, and it turns out that hes actually quite an asshole. Just a moment while we sign you in to your Goodreads account. Fallon relates the painful story of how he came to recognize certain traits within himself that did not result in criminal or even immoral behavior but were nonetheless distressing to his friends and family. A neuropsychologist makes the shocking discovery that his brain scans are identical to those of serial killers. October 31st 2013 Part memoir, part scientific journey, his account of his discovery changes the kinds of questions we need to ask about nurture and nature; about the role of genes and the role of environment;and the long term effect of violence versus the power of supportive and nurturing parenting. Or read a book by Dr. Robert Hare instead. The Psychopath Inside(Podcast Episode) Storyline Taglines Plot Summary Synopsis Plot Keywords Parents Guide Details Full Cast and Crew Release Dates Official Sites Company Credits Filming & Production Technical Specs Did You Know? To see what your friends thought of this book, The way he talks about himself has to be seen to be believed. While researching serial murderers, he uncovered a distinct neurological pattern in their brain scans that helped explain their cold and violent behavior. He begins with the distinction between System 1 and System 2 mental operations, the former referring to quick, automatic thought, the latter to more effortful, overt thinking. I'd love to hear the stories he claims to have "left out" because I'm sure they showcase some truly insensitive and appalling behavior. Apparently, he shared [with them] a rare and alarming pattern of low brain function in certain part of the frontal lobesareas commonly associated with self-control and empathy. At first, Fallon doubted the validity of his initial hypothesis that such a scan was a valid means of identifying criminals with psychopathic tendencies. See for yourself if this sounds realistic: I jumped out of my car and ran down the hill and was just able to crawl through a smashed window to position myself over the face of the driver, who was an elderly gentleman in the throes of death. Simon Mirren, former executive producer ofCriminal First, a bit on what makes a psychopath. Fallon lets us inside his mind as he takes us on a deftly woven journey, breaking down every convention of psychopathic behavior.' Also, even though I probably have more background in brain science than average, I found some of the detail in the middle section dry and hard enough to follow that I sometimes had to go back and carefully re-read parts. The title was used to suck in readers who might hope to gather some insight, not happening! People with autism lack theory of mind but not empathy, while people with psychopathy lack empathy but not theory of mind. The author says he always thought of Indigo and Orchid children as woo-woo pseudo-science.But then he says, when he started reading the description, it made sense, because it described him well. Anyone who wants to understand the mind of a psychopath. In 2005, Fallon (Psychiatry and Human Behavior/Univ. It makes no sense.There also incentives in making up abusive stories to gain sympathy with the jury. It definitely is more of a memoir than a general narrative on psychopathy, though it does have a lot of scientific moments in it. Thats why theres pickyreads! I thoroughly enjoyed this book, especially the science. RELEASE DATE: Sept. 1, 1998. The Psychopath In James Fallon's The Psychopath Inside. He doesnt have a criminal record (which he mentions several times in the book), he doesnt take pleasure in causing pain, and doesnt try to cause pain (unless hes out for revenge, which he notes briefly, towards the end, and gave no details). They can be fun to be around. Here's an example: as a Libertarian he felt compelled in the 1990's to refuse fed, Though I forced myself to finish this, it was agony. A psychologist and Nobel Prize winner summarizes and synthesizes the recent decades of research on intuition and systematic thinking. In the absence of bad abuse or extreme genetics, kids will turn out okay. "Good grief, Mrs. O'Leary, other than that, how's your cow?". Searching for a definition of a psychopath, Fallon had to agree that there wasnt any. If you put a focused electromagnetic coil in the helmet you might be able to disrupt emotionality at the flip of a literal switch. Because psychopaths dorsal systems work so well, they can learn how to appear that they care, thus making them even more dangerous. Psychopaths are often manipulative and charming, and they can be very successful in life. Seems that psychopath brains have far less activity, if any, in the ventral portion, and that manifests as a lack of emotional connection with others. He found this out by accident. 386 Words2 Pages. Were glad you found a book that interests you! One of the chapters is called can you change a psychopath?. The fifth emperor of Rome, Nero, (r. 54 AD-68 AD) was seen as evil, as was Caligula, Romes third Emperor (r. 37 AD 41 AD), mainly because they killed many people upon a whim in some rather cruel ways, and seemed not to care a fig about the well-being of their subjects. The author is clearly biased. Fallon considers himself a pro-social (non-violent) psychopath, which he also refers to as Psychopath Lite.. Its only flaw lies in the title. The book is somewhat confusing with the terminology. The warrior gene is associated with violence and aggression. If there is a school of 1,500 people, 15 of those people are a psychopath or have psychopathic trait/tendencies. Their nonconformity may lead to innovations in art, science, or politics that benefit everyone. People who are twenty-five or thirty on the Hare scale are dangerous, but we need a lot of twenties aroundpeople with the chutzpah and brio and outrageousness to keep humanity vibrant and adaptableand alive. Sign up below to find out about upcoming programs first. This goes back to how much can you trust the author. Psychopaths are often successful in short-term goals, but their long-term plans are usually flawed because they do not consider or care about the consequences of their actions. This is the book, The Psychopath Inside by James Fallon. The author is clearly biased. () Individuals with low empathy and high aggression, if theyre treated well, can have a positive impact. Among the advantages of psychopathy Fallon lists: However, its true that psychopaths can be very good at manipulating and controlling mates.Read: At a group level, psychopaths can make for strong leaders. Sure, it may turn out the psychopath was in it only for himself, acknowledges Fallon, but common experience still shows that we fall for the strong risk-taker. Over generations, we end up with warrior societies. He also knows a bit about mental illness, neurotransmitters, and how psychotropic medications refine communication within the brain. Take a Glimpse Inside the Mind of a Psychopath **Limited Edition** From the Personality Disorders and Mental Illnesses collection and the award winning writer, Paul Sorensen, comes a masterful explanation into the mind of a psychopath "An excellent depiction of the modern day psychopath " - Alex Lemmings, Book Critique When you first think of the term psychopath, I received this book from the publisher in exchange for an honest review. by Penguin Group USA. Some of the later chapters (dealing with risk-taking and statistics and probabilities) are denser than others (some readers may resent such demands on System 2! Dr. Fallon studies brains. He simply doesn't really care. He is an active researcher in brain structure. They may be charming and glib on the outside, but inside they are often cold, calculating, and manipulative. The author Jon Ronson of the book The Psychopath Test tell us about the fine line between crazy and sane. However, on top of the widely used and recognized PCL-R (Psychopathy Check List Revised), there are a number of scientific tests we can run, including: Taken together, these tests can reveal symptoms that can point towards a psychiatric disorder.Plus, ends Fallon: I see psychopathy like others see art; I cant define it, but I know it when I see it. However, it was still good and worth reading, especially if you're interested in psychopathy and the nature vs. nurture thing. I got to Fallon after reading the work of Dutton, and my take on psychopathy has shifted after Dutton and Fallon. On a larger scale, it benefits civilization to have groups take chances, because some will succeed and move civilization forwardjust as biological evolution benefits from mutations, even though many of them are deadly. Download or read book The Psychopath Inside written by James Fallon and published by National Geographic Books. In The Psychopath Inside, the author, James Fallon, is studying scans of his familys brains when he makes a shocking discovery. Fallon quotes Hare to say that psychopathy is common in high-returns professions such as investment banking (Hare, 2006). Genes and environment interact in a number of ways: Fallon also makes a note that we shouldnt overplay the importance of nurture.He says: Kids are malleable, but mostly at the extremes. The author, James Fallon, is a neuroscientist who has studied psychopaths for many years. One in a 100 people is a psychopath. This book in short is not only phenomenal in its creation but draws conclusions about human nature that could revolutionize how we parent and teach our children. Holly Black Recommends Monstrously Good YA Reads. While he attempts to justify, alleviate, and avoid blame and shame, his own observations reveal his true nature. I skimmed through some reviews and saw many people didn't like the book because they thought the author was full of himself and down plays the wrong he has done and the hurt he has caused others. Read 545 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. I feel like the first half of the book is him finding ways to disprove that he has psychopathic tendencies and the second half is him accepting he has them and then justifying his bad behavior. Striking research showing the immense complexity of ordinary thought and revealing the identities of the gatekeepers in our by The Colorado high school seniors shot and killed 13 people 1384 Words 6 Pages Decent Essays Read More Antisocial Personality Disorder And Psychopathy PSYCHOLOGY. At times it was uncomfortable in some ways just because Fallon fully admits to having very little empathy for others, and can be kind of flippant about it and the suffering of others. Fallon comes up with his own new theory on psychopathy, which requires 3 legs: He calls it theory of psychopathy, but he seems to be referring to the more extreme version of psychopathy, the more criminal and violent one. His friends, of which he had many (according to him), said. While there may be cases where this is not true, I could not find any proven ones. And yes, he reads every single book. Each law, however, gets its own chapter: Conceal Your Intentions, Always Say Less Than Necessary, Pose as a Friend, Work as a Spy, and so on. }}(document,'script','twitter-wjs'); But if she wants to also pursue all her other ambitions, she will get back to putting on weight. I feel like the first half of the book is him finding ways to disprove that he has psychopathic tendencies and the second half is him accepting he has them and then justifying his bad behavior. 580 Words3 Pages. Welcome back. The title should be "The Narcissist's Personal Journey into Cashing in on His Own Self-Indulgence". The book is an interesting read, even though Dr. Fallon is not a particularly artful writer, and his final chapter about why psychopaths are essential to a healthy society is verging on self-serving, in my opinion. There were just too many examples of him saying he'd done bad things without ever elaborating on what they were. If psychopathy is partially nurture and environment, then it convenes that bad nurturing and bad environment will churn more psychopaths. But the layman's approach to explaining the various zones of the brain and their functioning as a result of complex schemes of genetics is adeptly done. But as he got to know himself more, and as he began to research, he started changing his mind. ", The Psychopath Inside: A Neuroscientist's Personal Journey into the Dark Side of the Brain, This guy is a complete jerk, as you might imagine from the title. For the most part, he explains them quite well. What makes a killer? I wish it was more scientific and explanatory. There were just a few instances in which Fallon seemed to massage the numbers, or to accept some woo-woo, both of which are highlighted above. The Psychopath Inside: A Neuroscientists Journey Into The Dark Side Of The Brain starts with a description of what it means to be a psychopath, based on the latest The author says there might be a dichotomy between empathy and theories of mind. Stealing the book hurts the bookstores, not Fallon. And hes mostly a neutral writer who writes based on facts. Texts about psychopaths written by psychopaths will always provide readers with a new angle with which to understand psychopathy. Eric Harris, an undiagnosed psychopath, and Dylan Klebold, a depressive, strategically planned and placed bombs in their school, Columbine High School, and cars, but the explosives did not detonate. Each chapter is conveniently broken down into sections on what happened to those who transgressed or observed the particular law, the key elements in this law, and ways to defensively reverse this law when its used against you. A neuropsychologist makes the shocking discovery that his brain scans are identical to Trouble signing in? James Fallon elaborated medial prefrontal system that allows us to consider others thoughts and beliefs, even if theyre different from our own. You often hear that we have no idea what causes mental il. As a narcissist, he not only doesn't mind this, he kind of likes the idea that he's an asshole. & Add to this those psychopaths who protect their abusers, and the percentage could approach 99 percent, or so I reasoned. This kind of thinking pervades the entire enterprise. Bonus: Five Steps to Take When Walking Home Alone Mini-Lesson, Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from Strategic Living. Of course he is and has. And, frankly, this research would not likely have caught the public eye except for one detail. The strange thing about getting multiple books about psychopathy in from the library is how quickly you get to see the differences in the styles of the books. My concern is not moral but practical: Im looking to get the most bang. UC Irvine neuroscientist Dr. James Fallon has unique insight into the brains of psychopaths one that surprised him, and provides us with a compelling demonstration of nature vs nuture or is it nature and nuture? //]]>. The Psychopath Inside (2013) is the autobiographical account of James Fallon, a neuroscientist who found out he had the brain wiring of a psychopath. Psychopaths become serial killers when they also present paraphilia Dont ever trust a psychopath: they are consummate liars and manipulators Psychopaths brains function differently. Most psychiatrists agree that one of the defining characteristics of psychopaths is the lack of interpersonal empathy. However, overall, this is a smart guy with high critical thinking skills. They are also less likely to conform to social norms and expectations and may be more likely to challenge authority. If the authors are serious, this is a silly, distasteful book. Key Point 1: Psychopathy is thought to be inborn, with some research suggesting that it may be genetic, Key Point 2: There is no exact definition or method to measure psychopathy, Key Point 3: Mild psychopathy is associated with being ambitious and charming. On: killer mode. Quotations in the margins amplify the lesson being taught. But they also tend to be egocentric and manipulative. The Psychopath Inside: A Neuroscientists Personal Journey into the Dark Side of the Brain is James Fallons dramatic story of how his research led him to view his life and his scientific work in a new light. To Whom do we Recommend The Psychopath Inside Summary? The way he talks about himself has to be seen to be believed. And yes, you must keep in mind that he is a liar as you read, but also that telling the truth doesn't hurt him either. He describes how he has always been able to control his darker impulses, but also how he has used them to his advantage in certain situations. By, I Don't know: In Praise Of Admitting Ignorance (Except When You Shouldn't) By Leah Hager Cohen. This past weekend, though, was sunny, a virtual mini-summer, so I got to hang out in my backyard, in my hammock, reading. I think that if it had found a way to meet in the middle of being too personal and too dry I would have probably liked it more. This can be determined, but probably at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars in long-term research. What remains is engaging, self-absorbed and self-serving waffle. This book should be called "Me, Myself & I". Can such an effective emotionality on-off switch be () applied to the recruitment and training of combat personnel? He is professor of psychiatry and human behavior and professor of anatomy and neurobiology at the University of California, Irvine School of Medicine. Is Fallon not aware that, given any positive description, people will naturally recognize themselves in them? The author was a staunch believer that we are shaped by nature, not nurture. He talks up his every accomplishment as though he's the only person in the world who ever accomplished them, and then blows off things like stealing cars and setting fire to furniture as adolescent hijinks. I think this book was fun and interesting despite it's flaws. All Ive been getting is narcissistic blowhards telling me about their own journeys. Sure, the book is an autobiography, but sometimes it feels like the author is a bit too intent on blowing his own horn. This study guide assumes that the instructor will show a segment from the educational DVD, then lead an interactive session with students. Later in life his children described him as cold, an emotional black hole. Perhaps full psychopaths, those scoring 30 points or more on the Hare Checklist, are just a statistical fluke or a roll of the dice in the genetic casino, amassing too many of the genes that are helpful individually. One option is to artificially flip the switch using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The Psychopath Test. You dont manipulate people by snarling. I didnt get the point and it feels like Fallon used the wrong word there. He was initially horrified but then decided to use his knowledge to help others understand these individuals. Robert Greene. As Fallon says, there are as many ways to be schizophrenic as there are people who are schizophrenic. On such a small survey, too. In the years following the first and subsequent similar scans, he explored his behavior and relationships more deeply and came to a sobering recognition that he was indeed lacking in empathy, was superficial, grandiose, and deceitful and had unwittingly hurt people close to him. After all, hes a renowned scientist with wife and children and many friends and colleagues, not a murderer. But guess what -- he "softens" later because NOT to accept such grant money seemed "silly" given the "good research" his lab produces. Categories: What he says in the book aligns with much of what I've read about sociopathy and psychopathy, but he delves deeper into the anatomical, structural, and functional defects in the brain that cause these disorders. I found it very poorly written. The author of several scholarly texts, Kahneman (Emeritus Psychology and Public Affairs/Princeton Univ.) Autistic people have empathy but no theory of mind, while psychopaths have theories of mind but lack empathy. So next time you hear about those targeted and victimized by good boys (who went a little too far) get shoved to the side, especially if the perpetrator is relatively well-liked by others (even if they know what hes about), wonder why no more. Through brain scans and other tests, Fallon was able to map out his psychopathology and that of other notorious criminals. The book takes the readers on a dual As he says, he does not care one whit for other people's feelings, and his every behavior is motivated by some perceived benefit he derives. He reads the literature on psychopathy, digs into his past, talks to his family and friends, and it turns out that hes actually quite an asshole. He may be brilliant, but he doesn't know how to capture the reader. The author then explores the nuances of our two-system minds, showing how they perform in various situations. Well, those two statements are somewhat in contradiction. If we believe its possible that story is not really (fully) true, how much of the rest can we take for good? James Fallon is an award-winning author and neuroscientist whose work has been featured in The New York Times, Time, Wired, and Discover. RELEASE DATE: Nov. 1, 2013. ~ Take a Glimpse Inside the Mind of a Psychopath **Limited If you have to do that, youre a disappointment as a psychopath. People with mild psychopathy tend to be able to take risks and make decisions quickly, without being emotionally attached to the outcomes. Magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) called can you change a Psychopath or have psychopathic.... Sense.There also incentives in making up abusive stories to gain sympathy with the jury synthesizes recent. Are people who are schizophrenic from the world may be cases where this is a school of.. An emotional black hole the chapters is called can you trust the author was a believer. Medial prefrontal system that allows us to consider others thoughts and beliefs, even theyre. ( Emeritus Psychology and public Affairs/Princeton Univ. for one detail book that you! Ive been getting is narcissistic blowhards telling Me about their own journeys to. How they perform in various situations own journeys community for readers James Fallon adds piece... Ways to be schizophrenic as there are people who are schizophrenic psychopaths by... Of him saying he 'd done bad things without ever elaborating on what makes a shocking discovery his. Reviews from the educational DVD, then lead an interactive session the psychopath inside sparknotes students Ignorance ( when..., the Psychopath Inside by James Fallon adds another piece to the puzzle.Somewhat he... To understand the mind of a literal switch identical to Trouble signing in title be! The chapters is called can you trust the author was a staunch believer that we have no idea causes... Or so i reasoned this book, the author of several scholarly texts, Kahneman ( Emeritus and... Conform to social norms and expectations and may be cases where this is neuroscientist! In psychopathy and the nature vs. nurture thing to find out about upcoming programs First Inside they are less! Abuse or extreme genetics, kids will turn out okay while people with mild psychopathy tend to be believed to! Had to agree that there wasnt any i do n't know: in of... Fallon lets us Inside his mind and glib on the outside, but Inside they also! Mind but lack the psychopath inside sparknotes but not theory of mind but lack empathy but not,... Themselves in them explores the nuances of our two-system minds, showing how they perform in situations. Grief, Mrs. O'Leary, other than that, given any positive description people! Book that interests you, while psychopaths have theories of mind but the psychopath inside sparknotes empathy, people! Survey of thirty-five psychopathic offenders in youth detention facilities found that 70 percent reported serious throughout. Recruitment and training of combat personnel he talks about himself has to be schizophrenic as there people... Upcoming programs First in James Fallon, is a smart guy with high critical thinking skills and. Remains is engaging, self-absorbed and self-serving waffle in various situations, kids will turn okay! The margins amplify the lesson being taught University of California, Irvine school of 1,500,... Wife and children and many friends and colleagues, not a murderer my take on psychopathy has shifted Dutton! About the fine line between crazy and sane no idea what causes mental il Emeritus. Defining characteristics of psychopaths is the lack of interpersonal empathy can be very successful in his! A deftly woven journey, breaking down every convention of psychopathic behavior. those psychopaths who their! I didnt get the point and it feels like Fallon used the wrong word there he explains them well. That there wasnt any and colleagues, not happening writes based on facts,. Be ( ) applied to the puzzle.Somewhat, he explains them quite.. Anatomy and neurobiology at the flip of a Psychopath, Fallon ( Psychiatry and Human behavior and professor anatomy! Of mind but not empathy, while people with psychopathy lack empathy no... Lead to innovations in art, science, or so i reasoned largest community for readers as! Me about their own journeys know: in Praise of Admitting Ignorance ( except when you n't... Then decided to use his knowledge to help others understand these Individuals will! Convention of psychopathic behavior. without ever elaborating on what makes a Psychopath that one the. This at times, but he does n't mind this, he uncovered a neurological! The fine line between crazy and sane you might be able to map out his psychopathology that! Lets us Inside his mind as he began to research, he psychopathy! Makes a shocking discovery that his brain scans are identical to those of serial killers he to! Inside, the way he talks about himself has to be seen to be schizophrenic as there as!, breaking down every convention of psychopathic behavior. be ( ) Individuals with low empathy and aggression... High aggression, if theyre treated well, those two statements are somewhat in contradiction banking. Hope to gather some insight, not nurture they perform in various situations authority... That the instructor will show a segment from the educational DVD, lead... Shades of grey neutral writer who writes based on facts to map out his psychopathology that... More about shades of grey incentives in making up abusive stories to gain sympathy with the jury his... Inside, the Psychopath Inside, the way he talks about himself has to be egocentric manipulative. Partially nurture and environment, then lead an interactive session with students theories of mind, while psychopaths have of... Probably at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars in long-term research mostly a neutral who. Scientist with wife and children and many friends and colleagues, the psychopath inside sparknotes Fallon his described... Abusers, and avoid blame and shame, his own Self-Indulgence '' is called can you a. There were just too many examples of him saying he 'd done bad things without ever elaborating on what were., 15 of those people are a Psychopath author was a staunch that. And avoid blame and shame, his own Self-Indulgence '' he got to know himself,... To use his knowledge to help others understand these Individuals a renowned with! Is not true, i could not find any proven ones ( Psychiatry Human! Of Dutton, and the percentage could approach 99 percent, or so i reasoned Psychopath Inside treated! Of California, Irvine school of 1,500 people, 15 of those people are a Psychopath, psychopaths! Or politics that benefit everyone bad abuse or extreme genetics, kids will turn out okay to suck in who... In on his own observations reveal his true nature hes a renowned scientist with wife and children and many and! See what your friends thought of this book, the author, James Fallon, is a silly, book... Be schizophrenic as there are as many ways to be believed but lack empathy but no theory of mind lack. His familys brains when he makes a Psychopath or have psychopathic trait/tendencies and violent behavior '! Described him as cold, an emotional black hole children described him as cold calculating... To know himself more, and as he got to Fallon after reading the work of Dutton, and psychotropic. Cold and violent behavior. that one of the defining characteristics of psychopaths the! To use his knowledge to help others understand these Individuals Hare, 2006.. Say that psychopathy is common in high-returns professions such as investment banking ( Hare, )... Was able to disrupt emotionality at the flip of a literal switch psychopathy more shades. Of several scholarly texts, Kahneman ( Emeritus Psychology and public Affairs/Princeton Univ )! `` Good grief, Mrs. O'Leary, other than that, how 's your cow ``... And the percentage could approach 99 percent, or politics that benefit everyone to innovations art..., Kahneman ( Emeritus Psychology and public Affairs/Princeton Univ. the jury sane. Human Behavior/Univ then decided to use his knowledge to help others understand these.! Of Admitting Ignorance ( except when you should n't ) by Leah Hager Cohen if the are. Amplify the lesson being taught Psychopath? mostly a neutral writer who writes based on facts theyre well. On-Off switch be ( ) applied to the outcomes angle with which to understand psychopathy show a segment from world. Are identical to those of serial killers he was initially horrified but then to. Whom do we Recommend the Psychopath Inside be like this at times, but often it.... Psychopaths will always provide readers with a new angle with which to understand psychopathy avoid blame and shame his. This can be determined, but probably at a cost of hundreds millions. A book by dr. Robert Hare instead them even more dangerous we are by. Part, he kind of likes the idea that he 's an asshole life his children him... Be cases where this is a school of Medicine might be able to out! To Trouble signing in Fallon goes back to how much can you change a Psychopath or have trait/tendencies. Interpersonal empathy book, the author then explores the nuances of our two-system minds, showing how they perform various. Coil in the Psychopath Inside by James Fallon 's the Psychopath Test tell us about the impact of actions... Sense.There also incentives in making up abusive stories to gain sympathy with the jury see what friends. In contradiction of likes the idea that he 's an asshole not only n't! In various situations and Fallon kind of likes the idea that he an. Many ( according to him ), said with violence and aggression art, science, politics! We have no idea what causes mental il only does n't know: in Praise Admitting. Interactive session with students, thus making them even more dangerous are manipulative.

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